Abstract The excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers is responsible for an increase in nitrate concentrations in water bodies, which in the future could led to an irreversible contamination compromising the water resource quality. In this way, understand the water movement within a watershed and evaluate the impacts related to agricultural practices is relevant for water management, especially in an environmental fragile region, such as the outcrop area of the Guarani Aquifer. Water samples from a small watershed located at the Guarani Aquifer region in São Paulo state, representing surface water and groundwater discharge in riverbeds from two creeks, as well as groundwater (springs and wells) were collected for isotopic ratios (δ18O e δ2H) and nitrate determination. The results indicated that the river flow is mostly supplied by groundwater discharge, and despite the observed concentrations of nitrate in groundwater reaching the creeks, the current scenario indicate contamination in the surface water, above the regulatory levels. Therefore, the expansion in sugarcane production increases the possibility that the released nitrate reaches high levels in the future in this watershed. bodies quality way management state creeks springs wells δ18O δO δ O δ2H δH H determination Therefore

RESUMO O Sistema Aquífero Guarani (SAG) compreende um dos mais importantes aquíferos do mundo, tanto pela grande reserva quanto pela qualidade de suas águas subterrâneas. Entretanto, nem todas as regiões, nas quais o SAG é utilizado no abastecimento público, possuem estudos a respeito do quimismo de suas águas e de sua associação com a geologia. Este trabalho apresenta a caracterização hidrogeoquímica das águas subterrâneas do SAG utilizadas no abastecimento público em São Carlos, São Paulo, região nordeste do SAG, por meio de amostras provenientes de 27 poços tubulares profundos. A captação de água subterrânea é proveniente principalmente do SAG. Entretanto, também é possível verificar a presença das formações Botucatu, Piramboia, Serra Geral, Itaqueri, Adamantina e sedimentos cenozoicos. Apesar de pouco mineralizadas, verifica-se variabilidade iônica na composição das águas subterrâneas, evidenciada na distribuição espacial da condutividade elétrica na área de estudo. Os resultados hidroquímicos apontam para a existência de quatro fácies hidroquímicas: bicarbonatadas mistas, bicarbonatadas cálcicas, bicarbonatadas sódicas e sódica fluoretada, em ordem decrescente de representatividade. A heterogeneidade geológica interfere na concentração de íons na água, por meio da dissolução mineral, e possibilita a mistura das águas subterrâneas. A análise de componentes principais constatou que 62,7% da variabilidade total do conjunto amostral é explicada, principalmente, por dois fatores. O primeiro grupo de variáveis representa 38,7% da variabilidade, atribuída principalmente aos íons provenientes da dissolução de minerais (HCO3−, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+) e aos parâmetros relacionados a esse processo (pH e condutividade elétrica). O segundo revelou 24% da variabilidade total, que pode estar associado a origens antrópicas, como a presença dos íons Cl−, N-NO3−, SO42-, F− e K+.

ABSTRACT The Guarani Aquifer System (GAS) comprises one of the most important aquifers in the world due to its large water reserve and its groundwater quality. However, some regions that comprise the GAS groundwater for human supply are not thoroughly characterized on water chemistry and its relation with the local geology. This work presents the hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater from the northeast region of the GAS used for human public supply in São Carlos (São Paulo, Brazil) based on samples from 27 deep boreholes. The groundwater exploration occurs mainly from GAS. However, it is also possible to verify the presence of the Botucatu, Piramboia, Serra Geral, Itaqueri, Adamantina, and Cenozoic sediments. Although little mineralized, there is a large ionic variability in the groundwater composition, also evidenced by spatial distribution of the electrical conductivity in the research area. These results explain four hydrochemical water types: mixed bicarbonate; calcium bicarbonate; sodium bicarbonate; and sodium fluoride, in decreasing order of representativeness. The concentration of ions in groundwater reflects the geological heterogeneity, through mineral dissolution and possible groundwater mixing. A Principal Component Analysis demonstrated that 62.7% of the total sample set variability is explained by two main factors. The first one represents 38.7% of the variability; mainly attributed to ions from minerals dissolution (HCO3−, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+) and parameters related to this process (pH and electrical conductivity). The second group showed 24.0% of the total variability, which may be associated with anthropic activities origins, such as the presence of Cl−, N-NO3−, SO42-, F−, and K+.

RESUMO A condutividade hidráulica saturada (Ks) é uma propriedade essencial para modelagem do fluxo de água e contaminantes da zona não saturada em direção aos aquíferos. Entretanto, Ks é extremamente variável, mesmo considerando-se locais muito próximos, o que torna a modelagem em escala de bacia de drenagem um desafio. Medições de Ks em campo são na maioria das vezes dispendiosas, demoradas e trabalhosas. O objetivo desse estudo é obter, para fins de modelagem computacional, e por meio de funções de pedotransferência (FPTs), um valor representativo de Ks para uma área de recarga do Sistema Aquífero Guarani. Amostras de solo foram coletadas por toda área de estudo e os valores de Ks em cada ponto de amostragem determinados por meio de FPTs. Nos mesmos pontos, foram feitas medições de Ks por meio de um permeâmetro Guelph. Os valores médios de Ks calculados por meio de FPTs para todos os pontos de amostragem foram semelhantes aos valores médios obtidos pelas medições de campo. O uso de FPTs provou ser um método mais rápido e simples para determinar com eficiência o valor de Ks da área de recarga e para capturar a variação estocástica em termos de combinação de poros do solo na escala considerada.

ABSTRACT The saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) is an essential property for modeling water and contaminants movement into aquifers. However, Ks is extremely variable, even when considering nearby locations, which poses a challenge for modeling at catchment scales. Field measurements of Ks are most of the time expensive, time-consuming and labor-intensive. This study aimed to obtain, for modeling purposes, and using pedotransfer functions (PTFs), a composite value of Ks at a catchment scale, in a recharge area of the Guarani Aquifer System. Soil samples were taken across the study area, and the Ks for each sampling point were determined by several PTF methods. At the same locations, Ks field measurements were taken using a Guelph permeameter. Average values of Ks for all the sampling points calculated by PTFs were similar to the average value obtained by field measurements. The use of PTFs proved to be a faster and simpler method to efficiently determine the Ks value for the watershed and to capture the stochastic variation in terms of soil pore combination at the watershed scale.

In the present study, the elemental content of the particulate matter PM2.5 (particulate matter with diameters lower than 2.5 µm) and PM10 (particulate matter with diameters lower than 10 µm) of the Brazilian city of Rio Claro (SP) were analyzed by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF) in the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS). A fractional sampling of particulate matter (PM) was carried out in two climatic periods (dry and rainy season). The elemental determination of PM2.5 and PM10 included the following elements: Si, S, Ca, K, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn. Elemental correlation studies, cluster analysis, principal component analysis and enrichment factor determination were performed in order to allow the distinction of the main sources of the emission of PM. The mean elementary contents, especially in PM10, were statistically different to each other between the sampling seasons and higher in dry than in rainy season. The cluster analysis indicated two groups as being the main constituting element groups for the composition of PM in Rio Claro. A major group originated by the resuspension of soil composed by the elements Si, Fe, Ca and K, and a second, minor group composed of S, Ti, Mn, Cu, Cr, and Zn, presumably influenced by vehicular emissions and the regions adjacent ceramic industries.

RESUMO A bacia do Rio Atrato está situada na costa Pacífica da Colômbia, região que apresenta uma das maiores taxas de precipitação no mundo. O principal objetivo desse estudo foi o de determinar os processos dominantes nas respostas hidrológicas de 17 sub-bacias situadas na bacia do Rio Atrato pela aplicação da análise das componentes principais (ACP). As sub-bacias localizadas nas cabeceiras do Rio Atrato apresentaram tempos de resposta médios/rápidos em relação aos eventos de precipitação, enquanto um fluxo bastante homogêneo foi observado nas bacias localizadas na porção baixa da Bacia. Três componentes principais explicam 85,18% da variância total. A componente principal CP1 está associado às contribuições para as baixas vazões, precipitação índice de compacidade e texturas finas e grossas do solo, A CP2 associado as variáveis fisiográficas relacionadas ao arcabouço geológico e as texturas finas e a CP 3 associado ao padrão das altas vazões Q5 e Q1 assim como a extensão da bacia. As maiores descargas específicas estão associadas a presença de depósitos aluviais e a cobertura florestal nas porções baixas da Bacia, enquanto as áreas montanhosas determinam a geração do fluxo superficial.

ABSTRACT The Atrato river basin is located in the Pacific fringe of Colombia, region with one of the highest precipitation rates in the world. The main purpose of this study is to determine the dominant processes in the hydrological responses along 17 sub-basins within the basin using principal component analysis. Watersheds located at the headwater presented a fast or medium response to the precipitation events, while higher flow homogeneity was observed in watersheds located at the lower portions of the basin. Three principal components were responsible for explaining 85.18% of the total variance. The component PC1 revealed the largest contributions for low flow behavior, being associated to precipitation, characteristic discharge values, compactness index, soil coverage and soil coarse textures. The component PC2 was assigned to the geological variables, fine and average texture soil and the average basin slope. Finally, the component PC3 has shown to be related to high flow patterns (maximum characteristic discharge values Q5 and Q1), igneous rocks and length of the basin. Highest specific discharge was associated to alluvial deposits and forest cover, whereas the slope was considered determinant for the run-off generation.

In order to quantify emission rates of CO2 through the soil from the Atlantic forest under different regeneration stages, two areas located in Rio Claro(SP) were studied. In the first area the forest is regenerated (Plot 23) and the average CO2 emission is 1.91 mmol m-2s-1, while in the recently planted area (Plot 15), the average emission is 1.38 mmol m-2s-1. The CO2 emissions are fairly correlated to soil moisture (r=0.53, P=<0.0001), C/N ratio (r=0.27, p<0.05) and time of measurement (r=0.33, p<0.05). Multiple linear regression models developed are better to reproduce CO2 soil emissions in recently planted area.